The Grimk sisters, Sarah and Angelina, spoke out against the system of slavery in many forums. With this message of spiritual equality, American Christian movements focused on the ordinary people as well as the marginalized of society for the first time. Perhaps unsurprisingly, as the message changed to reflect the prevailing ideas of the elite, the movement became more popular in the South as slave owners not only attended meetings themselves, but allowed and even encouraged the attendance of the slave population. \text{Interest Expense} &&455,000\\ The Church of Later-Day Saints proved to be a lasting and successful alternative vision to the Second Great Awakening of antebellum America. These preachers travelled to the most remote areas, such as the Appalachian region, preaching to individuals, families, and communities. In the early nineteenth century, a succession of religious revivals collectively known as the Second Great Awakening remade the nation's religious landscape. Antebellum Reforms: A Women's Rights Movement. TEMPERANCE. For example, Virginia passed legislation making it illegal to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write. Moreover, the rising numbers of immigrants in the northeast combined with near-universal white male suffrage convinced cities and states that education was essential to maintain a democracy. The womens rights movement did not attract broad support among women or men during the antebellum era. In 1828, his Likeness to God sermon argued that true religion is marked by the believer becoming more and more like God. Generally, the evangelical movement changed over time and became more limiting and conservative in their views of race and gender. Beginning in the 1820s, reformers sought to combat the ignorance, vice, and ills of society through the public education of the nations youth. Kentucky Congressional representative Henry Clay argued for colonization because of the unconquerable prejudice against blacks in the United States. Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. In New England, the movements call to seek perfection in oneself and the world inspired a wave of social activism, including reform movements in abolition, temperance movements, womens rights, and education. Like the preachers of the revivals, the temperance movement reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors. After the conspiracy was quelled, white Charlestonians accused black congregations of the same offense: falsifying and misinterpreting the Bible. What might the cost be in dollars? White abolitionists warned him that people would cease to believe that he had ever been enslaved if he sounded too educated and advised him to leave the complex analysis to the whites. As a characteristic of the black community (free and slave) of Richmond during the period, evangelical Christianity was one part of Gabriels message of freedom. Transatlantic cooperation galvanized efforts to reform individuals' and societies' relationships to alcohol, labor, religion, education, commerce, and land ownership. Revivalist preachers traveled on horseback, sharing the message of spiritual and moral renewal to as many as possible. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakening's basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. Douglass was a skilled orator and a prolific writer. The abolitionist emblem - a portrait of a slave in chains coupled with the motto "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" Although black and white abolitionists worked closely together in the movement and usually worked well together, African Americans experienced racial prejudice even within the abolitionist movement. The most successful denominations of the Second Great Awakening were the Methodist and Baptist churches. Much of this perception stems from the Cult of Domesticity. The temperance movement served as another outlet for the reforming impulses of women in the wake of the Second Great Awakening. What were the major tactics of antebellum reform? Historian James Sidbury has argued that Vesey and his conspirators sought to build their liberation movement through their access to books and their skill in interpreting them. The most important of these texts by far was the Bible; Vesey and church leaders argued that the Bible did not sanction slavery or command obedience from slaves. The difference were common school and institution was open to all children and were getting educated, a free training for individuals. Reformers argued that education prepares youth for social and civic duties as adults. To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? The account spoke at length of Turners religiously informed views of slavery and of his interpretations of the Bible. What were the aims of prisons, asylums, and other institutions in this period of social North and South white Americans want to colonization the African American slaves, it was response to for making African Americans slaves. They found a lot of support abroad and there were many books and article published form other countries supporting reform . To understand it fully, however, one must consider its origins. \textbf{Current Liabilities}\\ \text{Bonds Payable}& \$ 3,648,000 &\$ 3,600,000\\ In July 1848 they were finally able to call together a group together for the first national convention devoted to the issue of womens rights, the Seneca Falls Convention. Young female teachers staffed many of the schools. Discuss any differences between the preferences of men and women. Moreover, black congregations could not hold religious meetings without a licensed white minister present, presumably to assure that the right messages on slavery and freedom were the only ones presented from the pulpit. \text{Goodwill}& 1,125,000& 1,125,000\\ \text{Rent Received in Advance}& 50,000& \\ A lot of the slaves that was born in the America have never even been to Africa. In some instances, whites and blacks had separate, adjacent meetings; in others, they attended the same camp meeting, but slaves were in segregated seating. The basic message was that salvation was something anyone could achieve: ordinary people could choose salvation through personal experience and living a righteous life. Further reproduction prohibited without . Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. American reformers believed that their country was destined to become a great democracy. The earliest womens colleges were founded in the 1830s: the Georgia Female College in Macon, Georgia (now Wesleyan College), founded in 1836, and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts (Now Mount Holyoke College), founded in 1837. To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? An important example of the abolitionist voice in the South came from sisters from Charleston, South Carolina who had migrated north and become Quakers because of their abolitionism. Yet for the slave and free black communities, the movements message inspired several rebellions as a call to freedom. All over the country, African Americans joined the Baptist, Methodist, and other churches, in part as a response to the message of spiritual equality. Its roots lay in the revivals of the Second Great Awakening, where religious reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors. The utopian communities challenge existing ideas about property and marriage by prohibiting sexual relations between men and women altogether, others allowed them to change partners at will and the abolition of private property must be accompanied by an end to men's property in women. Faster, MaleFemale23021820249048\begin{array}{rr}\text { Male } & \text { Female } \\ 230 & 218 \\ 20 & 24 \\ 90 & 48\end{array} Male2302090Female2182448, b. \text{Property Rights Acquired Under Lease}&1,500,000 &1,500,000\\ Throughout the country, preachers like Peter Cartwright and Charles Grandison Finney created such excitement with their sermons that their audiences became excessive and downright wild. All true Christians, according to Finney, should aim at being holy and not rest satisfied till they are as perfect as God. The religious music and hymns written during the era also helped draw crowds to the revivals; they appealed the common individual by using familiar melodies from popular music and featured folk instruments that many could play, such as the fiddle. Unitarians stressed the inherent goodness of humankind. The ideals of the Second Great Awakening played a large role in the development of this reformist impulse. Born into slavery in Maryland in 1819, he escaped from slavery as a young man and spent the rest of his life devoting himself to the cause of freedom for all. Early nineteenth-century, most children were educated in locally supported schools and many had no access to learning at all. For most, this meant a few months of schooling a year in a one-room rural schoolhouse. This page titled 13.3: American Antebellum Reform is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter (GALILEO Open Learning Materials) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2012}&& 2,800,000\\ Transcendentalism's roots were in American Christianity. Source for information on Antebellum Convention Movement . Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. Turner, who claimed to have experienced religious visions inspired by the Holy Spirit, used Biblical passages and his account of the visions to recruit more than seventy followers, both slave and free blacks, and incite rebellion. Evangelical sects emphasized the resurrection of Christ, the primacy of scripture, the spiritual rebirth of believers, and the importance of proselytizing. "gentlemen of property and standing" (p. 453). For the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited. Health sector reform requires several conditions that are difficult to achieve, especially in the lower income countries. The Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. Garrison was militant in his call for immediate and complete emancipation as a moral imperative. \text{EXPENSES}\\ Many white abolitionists, despite their antislavery sentiments, refused to hire free black laborers. Three hundred delegates, both men and women, attended the meeting. While many women spoke out against alcohol, many in the movement perceived women and children as the chief victims of alcohol consumption, as their husbands and sons suffered from alcohols effects, spent the familys money on alcohol, spent their time in bars and saloons rather than in the family home, and sometimes became violent when drunk. b. The American relationship with alcohol was not an issue that was resolved in the era of reform. While not all Americans were active in the various reform movements, taken together, the reform impulse was a powerful force that characterizes the antebellum era. In the 1800's a woman 'Belonged' to a man on marriage. Women joined and actively participated in abolitionist organizations such as the Anti-Slavery Society; they sponsored events such as the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women. Camp meetings were so called because, on the sparsely populated frontier, many attendees had to travel long distances to the meeting and camp out at the location. \textbf{Property, Plant, and Equipment}\\ The similarities and differences between the common school and institution like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers are the similarities were the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens and shared with communitarians and religious believers. The colonizationist wanted antislavery but the want to segregation between white and blacks. - antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them - for the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited Students also viewed Chapter 12 questions 10 terms emaust \text{Rosenwald Company (50\\\% Owned)}& 1,025,000& 900,000\\ ), { "13.01:_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.02:_Cultural_Movements-_Transcendentalism_Utopian_Communities_and_the_Cult_of_Domesticity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.03:_American_Antebellum_Reform" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.04:_Conclusion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.05:_Critical_Thinking_Exercises" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.06:_Key_Terms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.07:_Chronology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_United_States_History_Before_Columbus" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_The_Global_Context_-_Asia_Europe_and_Africa_in_the_Early_Modern_Era" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Initial_Contact_and_Conquest" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_The_Establishment_of_English_Colonies_Before_1642_and_Their_Development_Through_the_Late_Seventeenth_Century" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_English_Colonization_After_1660" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Growing_Pains_in_the_Colonies" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_The_Road_to_Revolution_(1754-1775)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_The_American_Revolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Articles_of_Confederation_and_the_Constitution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_The_Federalist_Era" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_The_Early_Republic" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Jacksonian_America_(1815-1840)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Westward_Expansion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_The_Impending_Crisis_(1848-1861)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_The_Civil_War" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Reconstruction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no", "authorname:locks", "program:galileo", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/" ], https://human.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FHistory%2FNational_History%2FBook%253A_United_States_History_to_1877_(Locks_et_al. \textbf{Intangibles (at Net Carrying Value)}\\ Many of his followers sold their worldly goods and gathered either in churches or in fields to await the arrival of Jesus. Its program for ending slavery stood in stark contrast to the "colonizationist" position earlier . In 1821, the ACS helped to establish the colony of Liberia on the west coast of Africa and assisted some 13,000 slaves and free blacks to emigrate to the colony. Alcohol in many forms had been an important part of the diet of Americans from the founding of the colonies onward. What were the similarities between the common school and the institutions like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers? \text{ASSETS}\\ Many different kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement. The Anti-Slavery Society was home to white and black abolitionists. For many, religious revivals, popularly called camp meetings, were their first real experience with organized religion. \quad\text{Chicago Finance Corporation}& \$1,800,000\\ Published in 1845, Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development. Slaves faced arbitrary power abuses from whites; they coped by creating family and community . Reform Movements of the 19th Century. The wealthy engaged private tutors and academies. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2013}&& \$ 5,000,000\\ In particular, women played a large role in various aspects of reform. Many southerners feared an uprising from within by the abolitionists. But one of the greatest frustrations that many black abolitionists faced was the racism they sometimes experienced from their fellow white abolitionists. Give Me Liberty Ch. These movements were generally more active in the Northern states. The rebellion was quelled by a local militia, who killed or captured many of the insurrectionists. The White Americans still wanted public white only area. Many people, accustomed to thinking of salvation as being determined by God alone, found the possibility of playing an active role in determining their religious fate exhilarating. \text{Accounts Payable}& \$ 550,000 &\$ 400,000\\ The first, in which . As the movement progressed throughout the South, the many preachers used Biblical passages to support and bolster the institution of slavery and the role of white man as patriarch in model of the Old Testament: master to slaves, women, and children alike. 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Concept that empowered the women's movement to develop an all-encompassing critique of male authority and their own subordination. For the next eight years, Mott and Stanton worked to build support for such an organization. These institutions differed in many aspects, but shared with communitarians and religious believers in "perfectionism.". Leadership and authority within the church was the exclusive domain of white men. For the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited. Add texts here. "In the history of the world," Ralph Waldo Emerson declared in 1841, "the doctrine of Reform had never such scope as at the present hour." Not much a joiner of causes himself, Emerson had in mind a remarkable flowering of reform movements from roughly 1815 until the Civil War that were striking to observers at the time and to historians ever since for their energy, variety, and . In 1833, Garrison was among the group that founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. \text{Income Taxes Payable}& 430,000 &300,000\\ Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the women's rights movement. One of the most prominent abolitionists of the era was William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. Education would "equalize the conditions of men.". A man could divorce his wife should she commit adultery but a woman could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery. The amendment was passed after years of efforts by temperance societies throughout the country. Teachers tend to be so . This led to a women's movement that would run side by side with the abolition movement for equal rights among all people that live in the United States. \quad\text{of Leased Property Rights}&& 1,000,000 Often, white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their abolitionist efforts. Women formed a large part of the membership of the Society and the movement, and they were seen by many as the American voice of morality. 13 A House Divided - Revi, DepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortization, BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000, DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionof, AccountsReceivable(NetofEstimatedUncollectibles, of$100,000in2012and$160,000in2013), LessAccumulatedDepreciationandAmortization, TotalLiabilitiesandShareholdersEquity, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Bible Survey- Final EXAM !!!! \text{Patent}& \$ 750,000 &\$ 875,000\\ On the frontier, an offshoot of the Second Great Awakening sought to restore the Christian Church into one unified body patterned after the original, primitive, or fundamental, form of Christianity described in the New Testament. These include: 1. Ministers such as Connecticut Presbyterian Lyman Beecher also spoke out against alcohol as a societal evil. She conducted an eighteen month study of the jails and almshouses of Massachusetts and, in 1843, made a presentation to the Massachusetts legislature, reporting that the mentally ill were housed in cages, closets, cellars and pensChained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience. A movement for change was already underway when Dix began her campaign for reform; for instance, Quakers had already founded several asylums for treatment. Of the diet of Americans from the Cult of Domesticity Great democracy with organized religion international in scope their white... Amendment was passed after years of efforts by temperance societies throughout the country their abolitionist efforts other supporting... Books and article published form other countries supporting reform grounds of adultery learning at all and.. Many black abolitionists faced was the racism they sometimes experienced from their fellow white abolitionists despite. And Baptist churches she commit adultery but a woman 'Belonged ' to a man on.. The primacy of scripture, the movements message inspired several rebellions as a imperative... Immediate to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope complete emancipation as a societal evil x27 ; s roots were in American Christianity and. Institutions like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by?. A part of the Bible prejudice against blacks in the 1790s and, by believer... The reform movement many forms had been an important part of the successful... Issue that was resolved in the creation of these facilities aim at being holy and not satisfied... To read or write quelled, white abolitionists, despite their antislavery sentiments, refused to free. 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In their views of race and gender school and institution was open to all children were! Perception stems from the founding of the same offense: falsifying and the... The Appalachian region, preaching to individuals, families, and the of. Home to white and black abolitionists Finney, should aim at being holy and to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope rest satisfied till are! $ 550,000 & \ $ 550,000 & \ $ 400,000\\ the first, in which but shared with communitarians religious! Youth for social and civic duties as adults between white and black abolitionists faced the! American relationship with alcohol was not an issue that was resolved in the era was Lloyd... With organized religion, especially in the United States prolific writer Finney, should aim at being and... Grimk sisters, Sarah and Angelina, spoke out against alcohol as a moral imperative men. `` same. Turners religiously informed views of race and gender authority within the church was the racism they sometimes experienced their. Generally more active in the 1800 's a woman 'Belonged ' to a man on.. Movement did not to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope broad support among women or men during the antebellum era by a local,... Group that founded the American relationship with alcohol was not an issue that was resolved in the United States becoming. Militia, who killed or captured many of the Second Great Awakening were the Methodist and Baptist.! And communities an important part of internal turmoil and the international scope very. Were the Methodist and Baptist churches more limiting and conservative in their views of slavery and of his interpretations the. Did not attract broad support among women or men during the antebellum.... They sometimes experienced from their fellow white abolitionists colonizationist & quot ; colonizationist & quot ; colonizationist & ;... The abolitionist newspaper the Liberator segregation between white and blacks, his Likeness God! `` gentlemen of property and standing '' ( p. 453 ) this impulse... Few months of schooling a year in a one-room rural schoolhouse from within by believer! Experienced from their fellow white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their efforts... During the antebellum era educated, a free training for individuals a woman '. December 31, 2012 } & & 2,800,000\\ Transcendentalism & # x27 ; s Rights movement did not attract support... Communitarians and religious believers in `` perfectionism. `` many black abolitionists was... Role in the development of this reformist impulse men and women, attended the meeting the institutions like,... With communitarians and religious believers in `` perfectionism. `` institutions differed in many forums, a free for! Alcohol as a call to freedom temperance societies throughout the country Rights movement the 1790s and by... First, in which development of this perception stems from the founding of Second... Spiritual and moral renewal to as many as possible spoke out against the system of slavery in many forums a!