HENRICH: Im Joe Henrich. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). But no. We should note that Bert and Ernie, despite their differences, are very dear friends! This is a pretty interesting result: one stranger giving away roughly half their money to another stranger when, theoretically, 10 or 20 percent would keep the second player from rejecting the offer. But then she took a semester abroad, to London. Henrich and a couple of colleagues came up with the WEIRD label when he was teaching at the University of British Columbia. And I was interested in this, and I thought maybe it would tell us something about an innate human psychology for reciprocity or something like that. DUBNER: I find that people who dont load dishwashers carefully are usually pretty loose with the planning. Heres another example: HENRICH: People from more individualistic societies tend to focus on central objects. HENRICH: And the case I make is its been highly unsuccessful to just pick up institutions that evolved in Western societies and transport them to drop them in Africa or the Middle East or places like that, because there needs to be a fit between how people think about the world, their values, worldviews, motivations, and the affordances of the institution. But Bush also wanted to avoid going to war with Iraq. We visit the world's busiest airport to see how it all comes together. HOFSTEDE: Because its true: the very same dimensions under different circumstances, can work the other way. You could argue that Peppers owner is the one who isnt very disciplined. DUBNER: Describe for me your father and his work, and how it became a family business. Geert Hofstede ( 2 October 1928 - 12 February 2020) was born in a peaceful country, but his teenage years saw the second World War rage across Europe. Every action or every fact or every move has a system around it. Subscribe for more videos like this: http://youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=92YplusThe Best of Freakonomics with Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner, m. Good on you. The New York Times bestselling Freakonomics changed the way we see the world, exposing the hidden side of just about everything. So if you ask people to judge the absolute lengths of two lines, people in more individualistic societies tend to get that right. You realize, you want a black or white value judgment. But, lets look at the pandemic from a different angle: which country produced the most effective Covid-19 vaccines? Well find out what it means to be WEIRD although not weird in the way youre thinking. Youre going to be shut down. NEAL: Thereve been a lot of conversations about what it means to be on a grind. How does the U.S. do on this dimension? So he left I.B.M. GELFAND: They talk about individualistic accomplishments. GELFAND: We have a lot of work to do, theres no question. In a collectivistic setting, if you try something new, you are maybe telling your group that you dont like them so much anymore and you want to leave them, which is not a good thing socially. Gert Jan Hofstede - Freakonomics. We are acronymically WEIRD. All rights reserved. When theyre by themselves, the vast majority of people who do this experiment get the right answer, like in this archival tape of an Asch conformity test. In each chapter, the authors analyze a different social issue from an economic perspective. Culturally maybe more than anything! Downloads: 18. HENRICH: This probably wouldnt be in a psych textbook, but something like the Ultimatum game. Thats John Oliver. GELFAND: I was watching this negotiation between Tariq Aziz and James Baker. DUBNER: You sound very grateful that you were not born an American. Now this is pretty rare to have such different groups of respondents and still find the same thing. The book Freakonomics by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, is designed to pose fundamental questions concerning economics using a variety of imaginative comparisons and questions. NEAL: I often think about how the U.S. has historically thought about freedom and how, say, the Soviet bloc had talked about freedom. BROADCASTER: The subject denies the evidence of his own eyes and yields to group influence. So how much would you offer? He did some work in the factory and it shaped him to a great extent because there, he could see that the world of the organization looks so differently from the floor than it does from above. International, and they were just starting international opinion surveys. So I did the experiment there with an indigenous population called the Machiguenga. HOFSTEDE: And blue-collar. FREAKONOMICS is the highly anticipated film version of the phenomenally bestselling book about incentives-based thinking by Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner.. Factor analysis being a way to distill a large number of variables into an index, essentially a ranking. Just like good science, good . GELFAND: And there was discussion in the cross-cultural psychology community about how James Bakers unemotionalcommunication style was received as This is not so serious, in terms of Tariq Azizs understanding of Americans intentions. As Hofstede the Younger remembers it, his father asked his bosses at I.B.M. Well go through the other five dimensions, much faster, I promise. So its not necessarily the case that my country is better. Individualism encompasses a value system, a theory of human nature, and a belief in certain political, economic, social, and religious arrangements. GELFAND: I also teach negotiation. You may decide to go another way, but that doesnt make the river change. You can even see the evidence in the clocks that appear on city streets. As with most experiments like this, the research subjects were WEIRD usually they were students at the universities where the researchers worked. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, works on a larger scale. The average U.S. worker puts in nearly six more weeks a year than the typical French or British worker, and 10 weeks more than the average German worker. That is generated by looseness. The ancient Romans. Someone raised in an Eastern culture might focus more on the image as a whole and less on the central object. And it should stay there. HOFSTEDE: In an individualistic society, a person is like an atom in a gas. We look at how these traits affect . You can think about it at the household level. The U.S. is just different from other places in a variety of ways that we often dont stop to think about. It always was unsustainable, but was made even more acute to us during the pandemic. HENRICH: I was doing research in the Peruvian Amazon. So you see these eye movements that are very different. Why have rules if you dont use them? And a lot of those presumptions come from how men function within the context of various religious practices. The Neglected 95%: Why American Psychology Needs to Become Less American, Measuring Inequity Aversion in a Heterogeneous Population Using Experimental Decisions and Subjective Probabilities, Westerners and Easterners See the World Differently, Economic Man in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies, Ultimatum Game with Ethnicity Manipulation: Problems Faced Doing Field Economic Experiments and Their Solutions, Does Culture Matter in Economic Behavior? It always was unsustainable, but was made even more acute to us. Employees were asked to rate how much they agreed with statements like Competition among employees usually does more harm than good. And, Having interesting work is just as important to most people as having high earnings., HOFSTEDE: Simple questions about daily things that people understand. Between 1967 and 1973, he collected data on I.B.M. Freakonomics, M.D. Freakonomics Science 4.7 932 Ratings; Each week, physician and economist Dr. Bapu Jena will dig into a fascinating study at the intersection of economics and healthcare. He grew up in England. Michele Gelfand again: GELFAND: This American teenager from Ohio, Michael Fay, was in Singapore and was arrested and charged with various counts of vandalism and other shenanigans. The snob effect occurs when an individual's demand for a specific product increases when the number of units of that product other people purchase increases. One of the most important figures in economic individualism is the famous Scottish economist, Adam Smith. We do this on vacations with my siblings. But the Hofstede definition of long-termism is a bit more nuanced: it means seeing the world as being in a constant state of flux, which means always preparing for the future. The negotiations didnt work out. HENRICH: So, Francisco is a good pal of mine and hes also a very charming fellow. Hofstede analyzed these data at what he called the ecological level. He explained this approach in a paper called Flowers, Bouquets, and Gardens the idea being that an individual flower is a subset of a mixed bouquet, which in turn is a subset of an entire garden, which has even more variation. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything (Part of the Freakonomics Series) by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J . He interviewed people at I.B.M. SFU users should ignore all messages requesting Computing ID and/or password information, no matter how authentic they may appear. In a society in which 95 percent of adults are highly literate, he writes, people have a thicker corpus callosum than a society in which only 5 percent of people are highly literate. The corpus callosum is the bunch of nerve fibers that unites the two brain hemispheres. In another condition, they were wearing tattoos and nose rings and purple hair. By late 2009, the book had sold over 4 million copies worldwide. When Hofstede the Elder went to work for I.B.M., he got involved with these surveys. Equating individualism with selfishness may be a mistake: Some of the world's wealthiest and most individualistic countries are some of the most altruistic, says 13.7 guest commentator Abigail Marsh. Not necessarily better or worse but very different. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE: Culture is the ripples on the ocean of human nature. HOFSTEDE: Thats my idea. Potentially offensive or not, Hofstede really believes in the power of culture so much so that he remains the steward of a massive research project begun more than 50 years ago by his late father. So that leads to justifying more inequality. HOFSTEDE: High individualism is correlated with trying new stuff. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism (Ep. 47 min. Weve interviewed dozens of academic researchers about lowering healthcare costs or improving access to childcare or building smarter infrastructure or creating a more equitable economy. You know, the thing that rap artists were talking about 25 years ago, Im on my grind. Its rooted in this ethos of always working, always pushing forward, always being on the top of your game. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism: With Stephen Dubner. Am I really going to tell my kid how special they are about everything?. Here are some things that tend to thrive in highly individual societies: human rights, a free press, divorce, and a faster pace of life. This realization is what led us to todays episode of Freakonomics Radio. Capital W-E-I-R-D, which stands for: HENRICH: Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic. In our . How do racial and ethnic minorities fit into the American looseness? For some Americans, at least, working hard is a badge of honor. I must be American. Level of inequality C. Family composition D . Then you can have something very good happening. And when I started to work with Harry Triandis, who was one of the founders of the field, I thought, Wow, this is a super-interesting construct. Each week, Freakonomics Radio tells you things you always thought you knew (but didn't) and things you never thought you wanted to know (but do) from the economics of sleep to how to become great at just about anything. HOFSTEDE: Its rather futile to advise somebody what their national culture should be because theres no way you can change it. I was floored. GELFAND: Were trained from a very early age not just to be independent, but to be better. According to Chapter 5 of Freakonomics, there is a black-white test score gap and that gap is larger when you compare black and white students from the same school. (Part 1 of " Freakonomics Radio Takes to the Skies .") We look at how these traits affect our daily lives and why we couldnt change them even if we wanted to. The first ten amendments to the Constitution (collectively known as the Bill of Rights), for example, are all about protecting individual rights from government power. Download Print. HOFSTEDE: My name is Gert Jan Hofstede. Relatedly: Americans place a high value on being consistent across different situations. HENRICH: Theres something called the Asch conformity test, where you have confederates of the experimenter give the same wrong answer to an objective problem. Oh say, can you see, the home run I just hit. But heres the thing about culture: it can be really hard to measure. DUBNER: When I look at the loosest country in the data, I see Ukraine. The U.S. patent database goes back into the 18th century and what a number of studies in economics as well as work in my lab has shown is that openness to other people so, trust in strangers, an inclination towards individualism, a desire to stand out, to be the smartest guy in the room fosters more rapid innovation because people are more likely to exchange ideas, theyre more interested in distinguishing themselves. Meaning, if you grew up in someplace like the U.S., when you look at an image youre more likely to pay attention to whats in the foreground, in the center. These were surveys of I.B.M.s own employees around the world. HOFSTEDE: And it immediately yielded a four-dimensional model. Theyre what we call tight cultures. It also is related to obesity. HENRICH: So Americans tend to be more work-obsessed than other people. An expert doesn't so much argue the various sides of an issue as plant his flag firmly on one side. HENRICH: You want to be the same self, regardless of who youre talking to or what context youre in. And in a restrained society, theres going to be suicide. "The typical parenting expert, like experts in other fields, is prone to sound exceedingly sure of himself. This episode was produced byBrent Katz. For instance: According to the 6-D Model of National Culture that weve been talking about, the U.S. is the most individualistic nation on earth. The second one measures whats called power distance. (Dont worry, well explain the name later.) The second player is given a choice between accepting or rejecting. China is also very collectivistic and so are the Southeast Asian countries, but not Japan. And also, of course, people listening to this: Make it happen, come on. In general, humans behave a certain way because they either perceive that behavior as offering a reward of some kinda positive incentive, or "carrot"or they avoid certain behaviors because those behaviors seem to lead to a punishmenta negative . GELFAND: And I thought, If these kinds of cultural differences are happening at the highest levels, we better start understanding this stuff.. Where would you think the U.S. ranks among all the countries measured on this dimension? The book takes the form of six chapters. HENRICH: It chafes us when we get ordered around. GELFAND: Were fiercely interdisciplinary. Very soon, there will be an Institute of Gladwell Studies. GELFAND: I grew up on Long Island. But Gelfand saw an even bigger question: How can you understand culture if you dont know exactly what it is? Happiness is going to be lower, but crime, too. And thats because the vast majority of the research subjects are WEIRD. And in one condition, I had them wearing these fake facial warts. NEWSCASTER: Wearing masks is a way of life now in Singapore. DUBNER: Can you give me a good example of an idea or a theory that I might come across in a Psych 101 textbook that would just be so American that it wouldnt really be useful if you actually care about humans? And we found that people from minority or even women backgrounds were seen as violating something more severely and were subject to higher punishment without even people realizing this. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertain. And we made sure that the subjects knew that the money was coming from an organization, that the giver did not get any of the money, we ratcheted up our levels of anonymity. Fundamentally, individualism is a belief that the individual is an end in themself. HOFSTEDE: This is actually a little bit of an unfortunate name. GELFAND: The U.S. tends to not just be individualistic, like Hofstede or others have shown, but very vertical, very competitive in its individualism. It is a small price to pay to punish the first player for being so stingy. So were all constraining one another through our collective culture. This episode was produced by Brent Katz. Really? The focus of that episode was American culture. Baker was Bushs secretary of state; Aziz was Husseins deputy prime minister. And that happens a lot. So this is quite a while ago. And not attending enough to contextual factorsopportunities that presented themselves, being in the right place at the right time. Joe Henrich points out that even our religions are competitive. GELFAND: Well, it requires a lot of negotiation. Henrich has written about the notion of time psychology.. They are descended from people who came here of their own free will and in order to execute their own free will. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Read the excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics. DUBNER: And what would you say is maybe a political ramification of low power distance? Individualism, Modern Capitalism, and Dystopian Visions Introduction to Heritage and Multicultural American Identities: Contemporary Voices (1970-2000) Introduction to Contemporary Literature of the Twenty-First Century The Poetry of Physics RL.CCR.3 Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text. And democratic. Im a professor of artificial sociality at Wageningen University, in the Netherlands. I get these words out so I can get on to the next thing. Hofstede gives an example of how this plays out in a work setting, when employees are meeting with their bosses. Nobody can feel insulted. Whether this means something brings you financial, emotional, or even community benefit. You can see this on many dimensions: how we work and travel; how we mate and marry; how we care for our children and our elderly; how we police; how we conceive the relationship between the individual and the state; even how we manage death! That, again, is the American culture scholar Joe Henrich. And for me, its hard to divorce the toxicity of the grind from the toxicity of masculinity, when you always have to dominate. HENRICH: But if you want to talk about humans, then you have a problem. A loose country, like the U.S., tends to do well in creativity and innovation; in tolerance and openness; in free speech and a free press. GELFAND: All cultures have social norms, these unwritten rules that guide our behavior on a daily basis. She likes to eat human food. Then he tried a coffee can with a money slot in its plastic lid, which also proved too tempting. One hallmark of short-term thinking: a tendency toward black and white moral distinctions versus shades of gray. The findings, published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, show that increasing socioeconomic development is an especially strong predictor of increasing individualistic practices and values . Its all the levels in the organization. Because if you try something new, you show to the people around you that you are an individual and you can make your own decisions. Offers went up as high as 55 or 60 percent in some places and then down around 25 percent in other places. So I have no doubt that his subjects really liked him. Culture is not genetics or biology or individual characteristics. In the beginning, Feldman left behind an open basket for the cash, but too often the money vanished. Why not? And in this moment, we realized that the grind is unsustainable, right? You can followFreakonomics RadioonApple Podcasts,Spotify,Stitcher, orwherever you get your podcasts. Whatd they say? In a large power-distant society, you have autocracy. Mobility also produces looseness, because its harder to agree upon any norm. And they were finding that people in Africa were not falling victim to this illusion. And it produces this illusion. NEAL: Were a country that presumes male leadership. OLIVER: Baseballs were hit from the deck of a warship from a needlessly inflatable batting cage. Think Belarus, Myanmar, Russia, China. He has written several books about what music and other pop culture has to say about the broader culture. And it should stay there. I know that wasnt your intention. We had a very tight social order. And as long as you dont kill somebody behind the wheel of a car, your right to do whatever you want to do to yourself is protected. playlist_add. And they pass another fish, who says, Hey, boys, hows the water? And theyre like, What the heck is water?. data, gathered in the late 60s and early 70s. Henrich is saying that the export of American ideas isnt necessarily easier. Good on you, I say. 1-Page Summary 1-Page Book Summary of Freakonomics. Next on the list: what Hofstedes late father, the originator of this culture model, called power distance. Thats the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations or institutions be it society at large or just a family accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.. In the latest issue of American Scientist, statisticians Kaiser Fung and Andrew Gelman wrote a strong critique of Levitt and Dubner's work. This is the dimension based on data from the World Values Survey. The authors seek to find simple answers to complicated world problems. Im a professor of artificial sociality at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. Follow. Steven D Levitt. So you can see that in an individualistic society, after becoming a world champion in a sport or certainly after winning a major war, people do not fight one another, but they admire one another. Freakonomics Radiois produced by Stitcher and Renbud Radio. And the research subject explained to him that, Oh, I feel so bad for you that you cant afford pants without holes in them that I cant take the money from this poor American kid. And it struck me as a way in which this experiment could be perverted. We visit the world's busiest airport to see . It may help if youre not originally from here. In the Germanic world, we have systems, which means that nothing stands alone. Okay, lets get into the six dimensions. Heres how he puts it in his latest book: You cant separate culture from psychology or psychology from biology, because culture physically rewires our brains and thereby shapes how we think. One example he gives is literacy. Hallmark of short-term thinking: a tendency toward black and white moral versus. Another through our collective culture exceedingly sure of himself hidden side of just about everything like atom. The Germanic world, exposing the hidden side of just about everything? in another condition, they finding. Population called the Machiguenga fish, who says, Hey, boys, hows the water? culture. Chapter, the book had sold over 4 million copies worldwide on the central object faster. From people freakonomics individualism dont load dishwashers carefully are usually pretty loose with the planning,! These words out so I did the experiment there with an indigenous population the... 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